Käyttäjän A.Jalkanen kirjoittamat vastaukset

No lukekaa Wikipedian artikkeli Georgian sota. Siinä sanotaan että Georgia aloitti, mutta pitkän Venäjän provokaation jälkeen. Molemmat syyllisiä sanoi raportti. Harvoin sodat ovat niin mustavalkoisia, että vain toinen olisi selkeä syyllinen. Varmaan Ukrainan lähentyminen länteen oli piikki Putinin ja kaltaistensa mielessä. Kiovan Rus -historiaakin oli luettu.

Pohjolan osalta voitaisiin myös lukea historiaa ja järjestää kansanäänestys Fennoskandian jälleenyhdistämisestä. Islanti saisi tulla mukaan jos haluaa. Unionilla olisi isommat hartiat Euroopassa 28 miljoonalla asukkaalla ja Trump ei pääsisi niin paljon kiusaamaan Tanskaa.

Sitä voi kysyä, ottaako parjattu riistahallinto riittävästi huomioon vahingot terveydelle, puuntuotannolle ja liikenteelle. Metsästäjien edut se huomioi kiitettävästi.

Suomen on kannattanut osallistua rauhanturvaamisoperaatioihin eri maissa. Kyproksella, Libanonissa ja Afganistanissa ovat arvokasta ulkomaan kokemusta saaneet puolustusvoimat.

Nuo kiertävät sähkökatkot olisivat varmaan lyhyitä, esmes parin tunnin mittaisia. Tarvitaan tosin mukaan riittävän monta sähkölämmittäjää, eli houkutteleva tarjous. Siinä ajassa ei ehdi varaaja ja kämppä kylmetä, varsinkaan jos on mahdollisuus lämmittää puulla samalla.

Ai niin ne hirvityhjiöt, unohdin ne. Lisäksi metsästettävää jää liian vähän kiinnostuksen ylläpitämiseksi, kun petovara vie tulevaisuudessa nykyistä suuremman osan.

Voyageurs Wolf Project kertoo, että luonnontilaisessa ekosysteemissä pedot ottavat keskimäärin 60 prosenttia syntyvistä hirvieläinten vasoista.

”In the past few weeks, a large amount of food has entered the Northwoods in the form of small, white-spotted fawns. Wolves try to capitalize on this temporary abundance while available. Most deer fawns are born around May 26 or so in our area. Most wolves in our system made a sudden switch from hunting beavers in May to hunting fawns. The big challenge for wolves is finding the hidden fawns… and some wolves are far more adept at it than others.

Several wolves we are currently studying have either killed no fawns or only a single fawn thus far. Most of these wolves are young individuals who have little-to-no ‘fawn hunting’ experience. Notably, the bulk of most wolf populations are comprised of young wolves like this. Breeding individuals, however, are generally older and have much more experience. Thus, they are more capable, it seems, of finding fawns. For instance, one breeding male had killed 5 fawns so far.

Fawns are highly-vulnerable until they are ~6-8 weeks old, after which they can readily evade predators. This means predators such as wolves have a fairly short time-frame to take advantage of this food source. Deer are a highly-productive species, with most females producing 1-2 fawns per year, and all females give birth around the same time—both of which are key to the reproductive strategy deer use. All females having fawns at the same time effectively inundates predators with young, vulnerable offspring, so much so that predators cannot find and kill all of the offspring that are vulnerable in the short timeframe that the offspring are vulnerable (that window is ~6-8 weeks for deer fawns).

Biologists call this strategy “predator swamping”, and many, many prey species have adapted this reproductive strategy. Predator swamping is an effective adaptation because although many offspring will die via predation, many offspring will live because predators simply cannot take advantage of all the vulnerable prey in a short time frame, and thus a portion of offspring survive. Many die but many make it. Predator swamping is an effective strategy because predators have biological constraints that limit how many prey they can kill in a given period of time.

Wolves, like all predators, have biological limits that dictate how proficient they can be as predators. They not only have to spend time finding, consuming, and then digesting fawns but they also have to spend time caring for and provisioning pups, defending their territory, etc. at the same time. All of these activities ultimately limit the number of fawns wolves can kill because of the limited time frame fawns are vulnerable. Because of this, while many fawns die from predation, there are also many that survive. But ultimately you know there is only so much you can eat in a given time before it goes bad. And by the time you are done eating all you can, the sale is done, and you have to wait for next year for the food to come available again.

To end: the average fawn survival rate across North America, based on 29 studies, is 41%, meaning 59% of fawns do not make it. Predation is the primary cause of mortality in most systems, regardless of where you are on the continent. Thus, most fawns, regardless of where you are at in the continent, were born to die.

Sources:

Gingery et al. 2018. Landscape-level patterns in fawn survival across North America. Journal of Wildlife Management.

Gable et al. 2018. Weekly summer diet of gray wolves in northeastern Minnesota. American Midland Naturalist.

Carstenson et al. 2009. Survival, birth characteristics, and cause-specific mortality of white-tailed deer neonates. Journal of Wildlife Management.”